Social movements and country-by-country reporting: A study of multinational companies
研究社会运动组织如何通过抗议和反报告促使跨国公司披露更多国别信息，并发现媒体关注和抗议地点（东道国 vs 母国）的影响差异。
This paper investigates the influence of social activism on voluntary country-by-country reporting (CbCR). CbCR provides information that is important and relevant to the broader stakeholder community. CbCR includes disclosures regarding salaries, wages, taxes and community contributions of multinational companies (MNCs) in relation to their performance and activities for each country of operation. Our research is motivated by social movement theory. Our results, based on a sample of MNCs, show that protests and counter-reports by social movement organisations (SMOs) influence MNCs to disclose more information on a country-by-country basis. Furthermore, media attention enhances the effect of counter-reports. We also find a bigger effect when SMOs protest in host countries, compared to protests in home countries. Our findings have implications for MNCs, SMOs and scholars in relation to corporate country-by-country reporting transparency. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the roles of social activism and news media coverage of the activism on corporate transparency in relation to the foreign operations and impacts of MNCs.