The Fourth Italy: a contemporary account of the Italian economic geography
更新了Bagnasco关于第三意大利的研究，提出第四意大利概念，描述意大利多个城市创业生态系统的特征、区位和制度模式，并呼吁中观层面的地方敏感政策。
Abstract We update Bagnasco’s work on the Third Italy and its interpretative model of Italy’s economic geography adding a Fourth Italy to the existing taxonomy of productive systems. This new conceptual model frames the emergence of Italian Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (EEs) of start-ups in several cities. We describe their characteristics, localization, and institutional patterns. The Fourth Italy and its cognitive capitalist production highlights some situated agglomeration externalities. Current policies supporting EEs have often exacerbated existing patterns of uneven development, following a logic of economic convergence. We call for place-sensitive policy at the meso-level, to enhance the regenerative power of EEs and the development of the Fourth Italy.