Gutenberg 2.0 − Academic publishing in the digital world
比较了15世纪古腾堡活字印刷术与20世纪末万维网的发明，探讨两者对学术出版的技术和经济影响，并讨论开放获取、可重复性危机等近期发展。
• A comparison between the invention of letterpress printing in the late middle ages and the invention of the World Wide Web in the late 20th century. • An investigation of the technological and economic implications of the invention of the World Wide Web on academic printing. • A discussion of the disruptions this invention caused in the publishing industry and in academic publishing in particular. • Places recent developments in academic publishing in the context of the invention of the World Wide Web and its technological and economic consequences. This article investigates recent developments in academic publishing following the invention of the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee and compares them to the development resulting from the invention of letterpress printing by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. It is argued that both inventions are comparable in importance, as they fundamentally change the technological and economic conditions under which academic knowledge is produced and disseminated. For both inventions, the article discusses technical, economic, and institutional preconditions leading to the invention, the technological and economic significance of the invention, and the developments following from it. While it is evident for Gutenberg’s invention that its consequences reached far beyond academic publishing, the implications of Berners-Lee’s invention are still unfolding. The paper discusses recent developments in academic publishing, like the changed business model of many large publishing companies, the open access movement, the reproducibility crisis discussion, and the development toward open science, and relates them to Berners-Lee’s invention. It concludes that the economic changes in terms of dramatically lower marginal cost of production, non-rivalry of consumption, and non-excludability of consumers have pushed these developments and will continue to transform academic publishing.