The Persistent Effect of Competition on Prosociality
基于教育领域的大规模随机干预实验，发现经历两年竞争环境的学生亲社会性降低，且四年后影响仍持续，表明竞争改变了个人特质而非仅行为。
Abstract We present the first causal evidence on the persistent impact of enduring competition on prosociality. Inspired by the literature on tournaments within firms, which shows that competitive compensation schemes reduce cooperation in the short-run, we explore if enduring exposure to a competitive environment persistently attenuates prosociality. Based on a large-scale randomized intervention in the education context, we find lower levels of prosociality for students who just experienced a 2-year competition period. Four-year follow-up data indicate that the effect persists and generalizes, suggesting a change in traits and not only in behavior.