International Migration Responses to Modern Europe’s Most Destructive Earthquake: Messina and Reggio Calabria, 1908
研究了1908年墨西拿-雷焦卡拉布里亚地震对意大利南部海外移民的影响，发现平均效应不显著，但在农业日工占比高的地区移民增加更多，表明土地依附限制了移民响应。
The Messina-Reggio Calabria Earthquake (1908) was one of the most devastating natural disasters in modern European history. It occurred when overseas mass emigration from southern Italy was at its peak and international borders were open, making emigration a readily available option for relief. We find that the earthquake had no large positive impact on emigration on average. There were, however, heterogeneous responses, with a more positive effect where agricultural day laborers comprised a larger share of the labor force, suggesting that attachment to the land limited an emigration response.