A decade of subnational gender budgeting and its effects in India: A difference-in-differences analysis
利用人口与健康调查数据，采用双重差分法分析印度各邦实施性别预算政策十年后的效果，发现有效实施该政策的邦在性别发展和赋权指标上表现更优。
India stands as a leader in gender budgeting, institutionalizing this policy at both national and subnational levels, with nearly half of its states and Union Territories adopting it. Despite this, there is a lack of cross-state comparative empirical studies and impact analyses, primarily due to scarce gender-disaggregated statistics. This study aims to bridge this gap using Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data, an underexplored source of gender-disaggregated information. Employing the difference-in-difference (DID) method and Kabeer’s women’s empowerment framework, this analysis reveals that states effectively implementing gender budgeting policies tend to outperform others in various indicators of gender development and empowerment. This trend underscores the benefits of integrating gender considerations into budgeting, in contrast to states where gender is overlooked in budgetary processes.