A policy and practice divide? Zambia's artisanal and small-scale mining sector and the Sustainable Development Goals
研究了赞比亚手工和小规模采矿政策与可持续发展目标的匹配度，发现政策框架理论上兼容多数目标，但实践中因偏重大型采矿和经济增长、忽视社会与环境协同效应，导致融资、设备、安全、性别和童工等问题未解决，离实现目标仍有差距。
Zambia continues to promote resource-based development through mineral exploration and exploitation. Whilst expanding copper production remains a top priority, recent Government announcements have signalled an intent to diversify export revenue by scaling-up exploitation of other minerals (e.g. gemstones, manganese, gold). The development of its artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sector has been pinpointed as a strategy to do so. This paper investigates, firstly, whether Zambia's policy ambitions for the sector are, in theory, compatible with achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); and secondly, to what extent it has, in practice, achieved progress. An original framework was developed to map Zambia's ASM-related policies to the SDGs. We find that, on paper, the ASM policy framework is compatible with most SDGs. However, an overemphasis on large-scale mining and economic growth persists, whilst other positive socioeconomic and environmental synergies are missed. Additionally, a new sector bias has emerged towards artisanal and small-scale gold mining, with less attention paid to other minerals in the policy framework. The findings also reveal that some policies with high social impact potential have, so far, been inadequately implemented. Consequently, issues relating to availability and accessibility of finance, inadequate equipment and training, unsafe mining conditions, gender and child labour concerns, as well as poor environmental performance, persist. The study concludes that Zambia's ASM sector is still far from achieving the SDGs and reiterates the need for targeted policies that foster socioeconomic transformation of the sector.