Did Industrialization increase support for the radical left? Evidence from the 1917 Russian revolution
利用1917年俄国唯一一次自由普选数据，通过工具变量估计工业化对选民激进化的影响，发现工业工人比例增加会提升激进左翼得票率，且该效应在晚期工业化特征明显的地区更强，同时工业化加剧了选举极化。
We analyze the 1917 Constituent Assembly elections – the only free universal elections in Russia before the 1990s – to estimate the effect of industrialization on the radicalization of the electorate in a late industrializing economy. Our empirical strategy exploits IV estimation based on the proximity of Carboniferous strata and other initial conditions of industrialization. We find that a larger share of industrial workers increases voting for the radical left, and the effect is stronger in places that exhibited more pronounced features of late industrialization. We also show that industrialization increases electoral polarization rather than simply shifting the electorate to the left.