The Bayesian context trees state space model for time series modelling and forecasting
提出一个分层贝叶斯框架，通过树状混合模型将离散状态与任意基模型结合，用于时间序列建模和预测，在金融数据中能捕捉波动率不对称性并提升预测精度。
A hierarchical Bayesian framework is introduced for developing tree-based mixture models for time series, motivated in part by applications in finance and forecasting. At the top level, meaningful discrete states are identified as appropriately quantised values of some of the most recent samples. At the bottom level, a different, arbitrary ‘base’ model is associated with each state. This defines a very general framework that can be used in conjunction with any existing model class to build flexible and interpretable mixture models. We refer to this as the Bayesian Context Trees State Space Model, also known as the BCT-X framework. Appropriate algorithmic tools are described, which allow for effective and efficient Bayesian inference and learning; these algorithms can be updated sequentially, facilitating online forecasting. The utility of the general framework is illustrated in specific instances where AR or ARCH models serve as the base models. The latter results in a mixture model that offers a powerful way of modelling the well-known volatility asymmetries in financial data, revealing a novel, important feature of stock market index data, in the form of an enhanced leverage effect. In forecasting, the BCT-X methods are found to outperform several state-of-the-art techniques, both in terms of accuracy and computational requirements.