The Mixed Effects of Making Contribution Behaviors Observable
研究发现，使贡献行为可观察虽能提高总努力水平，但会导致努力在可观察与不可观察类型间错配，可能反而降低公共品供给。
Abstract Voluntary contributions to public goods have been shown to increase when contribution behaviors become observable by peers. We examine the effect of social pressure on moral behavior, using a framework distinguishing explicitly between observable and non-observable forms of contribution. We show that even with moral motivation and social pressure, there is underprovision of the public good. Making some contribution behaviors observable does increase effort, but also causes misallocation of effort between observable and non-observable effort types. The latter negative effect can possibly outweigh the positive effect of increased effort on public good provision.