Religious Barriers to Birth Control Access
利用1970年荷兰放宽未成年人获取避孕药的政策，结合宗教偏好导致的供需障碍，发现来自非保守地区的女性更可能推迟生育和结婚，并积累人力资本，但宗教反对者多的地区效果消失。
Abstract This paper presents new causal evidence on the “power” of oral contraceptives in shaping women's lives, leveraging the 1970 liberalization of the Pill for minors in the Netherlands and demand- and supply-side religious preferences that affected Pill take-up. We analyze administrative data to demonstrate that, after Pill liberalization, minors from less conservative areas were more likely to delay fertility/marriage and to accumulate human capital in the long run. We then show how these large effects were eliminated for women facing a higher share of gatekeepers—general practitioners and pharmacists—who were opposed to providing the Pill on religious grounds.