Authoritarian Drift, Variegated Paths: Mapping Administrative Transformation Strategies Under Illiberal Rule
本文构建了非自由统治下四种行政转型模型（新威权、新世袭、新反动、新庇护），分析不同领导人如何重塑官僚体系，并提出针对性改革策略以增强官僚韧性。
ABSTRACT This article develops a typology of illiberal rule by identifying four distinct models of administrative transformation: neoauthoritarian, neopatrimonial, neoreactionary, and neoclientelist. Drawing on cases including Viktor Orbán, Donald Trump, Javier Milei, and Andrés Manuel López Obrador, it argues that illiberal leaders reshape bureaucracies through diverse strategies of control, each rooted in specific conceptions of the state and particular modes of bureaucratic design. In light of the varying illiberal trajectories, the article concludes by proposing differentiated reform strategies tailored to the specific threats posed by each variant of illiberal rule, aiming to bolster bureaucratic resilience accordingly. The analysis calls for a reorientation of public administration theory—from a focus on compliance to a normative conception of civil servants as stewards of democratic order.