Strategizing in public management: The concept and its measurement
本文提出并测量了公共管理中的“战略化”概念，即管理者持续进行战略思考、行动和学习的活动，通过调查281个佛兰德市镇管理团队成员，验证了四个维度（目的性、分析性、地方性、可实施性）的测量工具。
Public management research has demonstrated that strategy matters for public service performance and public value creation. Most studies consider strategy as something public organizations “have” ̶ a result of a planning and decision-making process or document ̶ but say little about what practitioners “do” as they are engaged in a fairly continuous process of strategy formation. Public managers, policymakers and other professionals must think, act and learn strategically, and not just when developing plans. We define strategizing as a set of interconnected activities undertaken by practitioners to enhance ongoing strategic thinking, acting and learning. Because efforts to conceptualize and measure strategizing have been limited, we integrate insights from ten “strategy schools” and public administration research to conceptualize and measure strategizing using a survey instrument. The survey includes 15 activities validated through expert review and tested among 281 management team members in Flemish municipalities. Factor analysis reveals four components with acceptable reliability and validity, namely purposeful, analytical, place-based, and implementable (PAPI) strategizing. The conceptualization and survey provide a starting point for further research and help practitioners assess their strategizing capacity.