Paths to integration: earnings, skill investments, and outmigration across immigrant admission categories
利用芬兰居留许可数据，研究了不同准入类别移民在收入、技能投资和向外迁移上的差异，发现初始差距随时间缩小，且技能投资与预期居留时长相关。
Abstract We document substantial heterogeneity in labor market integration, skill investments, and outmigration across immigrant admission categories. Using newly available data on residence permits in Finland, we establish four facts. First, there are large initial differences in employment and earnings across labor, family, refugee, student, and European Union migrants. Second, these differences diminish substantially over time. Third, the groups make distinct investments in country‐specific and general skills. Fourth, both the prevalence of and selection into outmigration vary widely across admission categories. These findings align with models where investments in skills depend on the expected length of stay in the host country.