Smoke from Factory Chimneys: The Applied Economics of Air Pollution in the Progressive Era
研究了进步时代匹兹堡烟雾的经济成本估算，展示了早期环境经济学如何从社会调查和城市规划运动中诞生，对经济史和环境经济学研究者有参考价值。
Abstract Like today, one hundred years ago air pollution was a matter of grave concern in the world's most polluted cities. In the wake of its famous 1908–9 social survey, the City of Pittsburgh commissioned an “Economic Survey of Pittsburgh” from J. T. Holdsworth, a prominent institutional economist at the University of Pittsburgh. Although wide ranging, the report opened by stating that “the first fundamental need in Pittsburgh is the eradication of smoke.” This report was followed by a series of Smoke Investigations, in which, astonishingly, jars were placed around the city and the ash weighed monthly. John J. O'Connor, a staff economist, estimated the economic costs from this smoke, arguably the first damage-cost study. We show how O'Connor's work, situated in social survey, urban planning, and conservation movements, is a product of the Progressive Era, but how at the same time it appears as a conspicuous example of how environmental economics could eventually evolve out of this intellectual context.