The topology of poker
基于同伦论引入一种衡量游戏复杂度的拓扑不变量，应用于德州扑克，发现其值至少为4，表明评估手牌强度是复杂问题，且某些情况下“谁在诈唬谁”的概念不明确。
We introduce a topological invariant of games, based on homotopy theory, that measures their complexity. We examine it in the context of the “Texas Hold'em” variant of poker, and show that the invariant's value is at least 4. We deduce that evaluating the strength of a pair of cards in Texas Hold'em is an intricate problem, and that even the notion of who is bluffing against whom is ill-defined in some situations. The use of higher topological methods to study intransitivity of multi-player games seems new.