Economic, Institutional, and Strategic Effects of Tariff Wars: Systematic Literature Review
系统综述93篇研究，发现45.7%关注经济和行业影响（农业最受冲击），28.4%探讨保护主义的战略政治驱动，15.9%涉及制度与全球治理（WTO执行弱化），10.1%讨论以邻为壑政策，揭示全球贸易政策转向周期性报复和零和思维。
ABSTRACT Scholarly interest in tariff wars has grown, focusing on their implications for global trade systems. Reviewing 93 studies, we found 45.7% examined economic and sectoral impacts, with agriculture as the most affected sector. Around 28.4% explored strategic and political drivers of modern protectionism as a tool of domestic politics. Additionally, 15.9% addressed institutional and global governance, highlighting weakened World Trade Organization (WTO) enforcement and rising regionalism. Only 10.1% discussed beggar‐thy‐neighbor trade policies, showing how global trade policy is shifting toward cyclical retaliation and the revival of zero‐sum ideologies.