The evolution and dynamics of farmer engagement in direct-to-consumer channels in France
使用混合马尔可夫链模型分析法国农民参与直接销售渠道的动态，发现自1970年以来参与率低且常与常规供应链结合，农民因规模扩大困难、回报下降和需求减弱而逐渐退出。
Abstract In this study, we employ a mixed-Markov chain model to analyze the factors that influence the dynamics of farm involvement in direct-to-consumer (DTC) channels, using data from the French Agricultural Data Network (FADN). Our findings reveal low participation in DTC channels in France since 1970, along with a notable trend toward combining these channels with conventional supply chains. We also find that farmers often disengage from direct sales over time, partly due to challenges in scaling up, declining returns, and weakening demand for direct food products.