Directed technological change: a history and a critical agenda
追溯了定向技术变革思想从20世纪初至今的发展历程，阐述其现代理论形式与现实应用（如气候变化、AI对工作的影响），并指出其技术、政治和道德上的局限性。
Abstract In this article, I explore the idea of ‘directed technological change’. Although it has its intellectual origins in early twentieth-century economic thought, the idea was largely ignored in the decades that followed. This only changed recently, when contemporary economists adopted and reworked the idea, applying it to some of our great challenges: from climate change to the impact of AI on work. In what follows I explore the history of the idea, set out its modern theoretical form and practical relevance, before closing with important limitations: technical, political, and moral.