Economics and ideology, historically and ontologically considered
论证意识形态是经济学中独特且不可替代的范畴，不应等同于价值判断，并追溯其历史根源（马克思、熊彼特），强调本体论在区分科学与意识形态中的关键作用。
Abstract In this paper, we focus on the semantics and relevance of ideology in economics. Correctly conceived, we argue, ideology is a distinct, irreplaceable category, which should not be identified, for instance, with value judgements. We want to argue that a particular notion of ideology, formulated in Lawson (2012), should be preferred to its alternatives precisely because it does render ideology a distinct and irreplaceable category. Unlike Lawson (2012), though, we present the historical origins of this notion of ideology, the roots of which can be found in Marx and Schumpeter. Moreover, rather than focusing on Lawson’s (2012) main concern—how the persistent misuse of mathematics in economics is to be rationalised—we elaborate on his essential, albeit implicit, contribution: the indispensable role of ontology in distinguishing science and ideology.