The impact of uncertainty on fan interest surrounding multiple outcomes in open European football leagues
利用谷歌搜索数据，研究欧洲足球联赛中结果不确定性对球迷兴趣的影响，发现冠军归属不确定性降低会显著减少兴趣，但多重目标（如欧战资格、保级）可缓解这一效应。
Abstract This paper uses searches via Google to evaluate the importance of uncertainty in driving demand for entertainment events. We consider various dimensions of uncertainty of outcome in European football to examine whether the removal of uncertainty surrounding the winner of a competition before its conclusion reduces interest. We find a significant decrease in interest, although this appears mitigated by the existence of multiple objectives, such as qualifying for European competitions and avoiding relegation. We conclude that such a diversified and open structure (including promotion and relegation) is desirable in leagues that do not have a final play‐off system.