Procedural Barriers to Political Candidacy: Gender, Discouragement and Candidate Persistence
研究发现印度选举中的押金没收规则使女性再次参选率下降13.3个百分点，且长期持续，对男性无显著影响，性别规范更保守的地区影响更强。
Abstract A procedural rule in Indian elections requires candidates to pay a nominal deposit, which is forfeited on obtaining fewer than one-sixth of the votes. Forfeiture diminishes female recontesting by 13.3 percentage points in the following election (relative effect size of 68%). We find no such effects for men. These effects are persistent and discourage female candidates in the long term as well. States with more regressive gender norms exhibit stronger findings, with female forfeiters also being 11.8 percentage points less likely to win the following election. We enhance our analysis by conducting a survey experiment with representative voters.