Data and Competition: A Simple Framework
构建了一个竞争效用框架，分析数据获取如何影响企业竞争，识别出加价效应和剩余提取效应两种相反作用，并给出数据促进或阻碍竞争的条件，适用于推荐、定价、广告等场景。
ABSTRACT Does enhanced access to data foster or hinder competition among firms? Using a competition‐in‐utility framework that encompasses many situations where firms use data, we model data as a revenue‐shifter and identify two opposite effects: a mark‐up effect according to which data induces firms to compete harder, and a surplus‐extraction effect. We provide conditions for data to be pro‐ or anti‐competitive, requiring neither knowledge of demand nor computation of equilibrium. We apply our results to situations where data is used to recommend products, monitor insuree behavior, price‐discriminate, or target advertising. We also revisit the issue of data and market structure.