Nonmarket strategies, domestic institutional development, and internationalization: Evidence from MENA and sub‐Saharan African regions
研究了中东和北非及撒哈拉以南非洲地区新兴跨国公司在国内采用非市场战略（企业政治活动和企业社会责任）对其国际化程度的影响，发现两者单独及同时使用均能促进国际化，且在国内制度发展水平较低时效果更强。
Abstract This study examines the impact of the adoption of nonmarket strategies in domestic markets that drive the internationalization of emerging multinationals (EMNCs) from the MENA and sub‐Saharan African regions. In this study, we consider corporate political activity (CPA) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) of EMNCs and examine their role in the degree of internationalization. Using data from 219 non‐financial multinational firms from 15 countries belonging to the MENA and sub‐Saharan African regions for the period from 2012 to 2021, we find a positive effect of CSR (0.84%) and CPA (13.57%) on the degree of internationalization when both strategies are used individually. This effect is stronger when both strategies are used simultaneously (the complementary effect, i.e., 24.86%). Moreover, the individual and complementary effects are more pronounced in the presence of a lower domestic institutional development level. Our study highlights that the adoption of nonmarket strategies domestically helps firms to enhance their internationalization and overcome their liability of origin.