The universalist divide: cleavages, identities, and party preferences in the EU
研究发现，随着欧洲国家向知识经济转型，进步派与极右翼政党支持者之间的教育分野已演变为一种结构性分裂，并植根于集体认同；普遍主义认同在高等教育群体中最强，且与知识经济发展水平相关。
As European countries have become knowledge economies, their party systems are increasingly characterized by an educational divide between supporters of progressive and far-right parties. We argue that this divide is a proper cleavage, which is not just structurally rooted but also moored in collective identities. We study these identities with the 2024 European Election Study. Across Europe, a universalist identity, operationalized by perceived closeness to cosmopolitans, feminists, and people with a migration background, is strongest among tertiary educated respondents. This association is stronger in countries with more developed knowledge economies. Moreover, in a majority of EU member states, universalism is associated with a support differential between progressive and far right parties.