Facilitating pro-environmental behavior through collective processes at events
研究瑞典定向越野活动参与者（296人）的环保自我效能，发现集体认同和集体效能比个人因素更能预测未来活动的环保自我效能，模型解释了69%的变异。
Sport and culture events are important tourist attractions, but they may also be used to empower event participants to act pro-environmentally. Perceived capabilities to act pro-environmentally, so called self-efficacy beliefs, are a key aspect for pro-environmental behaviour. Therefore, this study examines the basis of self-efficacy for future events among participants at a major recurring orienteering event in Sweden (n = 296). A model with a personal and a collective route involving identity and efficacy processes for future event self-efficacy is tested on data including measures before and after the event. The study reveals that both the personal and collective route are important for future event self-efficacy, and that the collective processes are rooted in self-processes. The collective route explained more variance in self-efficacy for future events as compared to the personal route with measures of self-efficacy and environmental self-identity. Overall, the model explained 69% of the variation in self-efficacy for future events. Implications for theory concern the role of collective processes for event participants, which highlights the importance to address the “we” (or the collective-identity and collective-efficacy) for event and tourism stakeholders when managing events.