Hesitant Fuzzy Ordered Linguistic Term Sets for Group Decision-Making
提出犹豫模糊有序语言术语集，通过多重语言术语集和有序关系分别处理认知模糊和重要性不确定，并建立运算、聚合算子及共识机制，应用于社区更新承包商选择问题。
Characterizing uncertainty remains a critical challenge in group decision-making, which has prompted the development of diverse linguistic expressions with flexibility and applicability. However, they predominantly use adaptive linguistic terms coupled with numerical importance degrees, which inherently embed subjective cognitive biases. To address this gap, this study originally introduces hesitant fuzzy ordered linguistic term sets (HFOLTSs), which systematically address dual uncertainties: cognitive ambiguity quantified through multiple linguistic term sets, and importance indeterminacy mitigated by ordered relations. To enhance interpretability and visualization, this study proposes a graphical formalization of HFOLTSs, where hierarchical levels are embedded to reflect the structured nature of ordered relations. In addition, the fundamental operations associated with HFOLTSs, complement, expectation-based comparison, and distance measurement, are established to handle complex linguistic uncertainty. Two aggregation operators, namely, hesitant fuzzy ordered linguistic weighted averaging (HFOLWA) and hesitant fuzzy ordered linguistic ordered weighted averaging (HFOLOWA), are introduced to support group decision-making. To facilitate group consensus, we further devise a mechanism that harmoniously balances consensus efficiency with the willingness of experts. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a contractor selection problem in community renewal, which demonstrates its practicality and effectiveness in managing complex group decision scenarios.