Criminal multinational enterprises and host state relations: insights from transaction cost economics
运用交易成本概念，研究犯罪型跨国企业与东道国之间从对抗到共谋、甚至国家主导犯罪的各种关系形式及其决定因素，并指出当前反犯罪政策的局限。
Purpose Criminal multinational enterprise (CMNE)−host state relations vary between nations from competitive confrontation to complicity, state capture, even state-led criminal activity. Applying transaction cost concepts, this study aims to examine the various forms of association and their determinants. Design/methodology/approach Rather than conceptualizing CMNE−host state relations as the result of two distinct and competitive entities seeking an outcome reflective of relative bargaining power, this study incorporates complicity between the two parties and how this affects transaction costs and broader economic development. Findings Criminal multinationals that forge narrow and exclusive bargains with complicit state officials impact negatively on equitable institutional and economic development in host countries. The analysis also highlights the limitations of widely adopted anti-crime policies. Originality/value This study contributes to the MNE−host state relations research with a focus on CMNE as a distinct entity in the global economy. This study offers policy insights into tackling the problem of transnational crime arguing that such policies need to incorporate the likelihood and variation in levels of complicity and the social embeddedness of organized crime, as well as the transaction costs they face.