Collective actions for sustainable tourism innovation
研究了利益相关者互动及正式与非正式规则如何通过集体行动推动旅游可持续创新，比较了现有创新与利益相关者共创的创新，发现搭便车激励随时间累积、合法性促成制度变革等关键结论。
This study shows how stakeholder interactions, and formal and informal rules drive sustainability innovation through collective action. We use the Institutional Analysis and Development framework to assess the capacity of tourism stakeholders to engage in sustainability innovations. Drawing on a multistage qualitative data collection process, including interviews and workshops, we comparatively analyze an existing sustainability innovation and a stakeholder-led, co-created innovation, testing ten design principles for management systems rooted in collective action and self-governance theories. We find that (i) incentives to free-ride accumulate over time, (ii) legitimacy enables institutional change in destinations, (iii) shared responsibility helps unveil interactions between stakeholders in managing tourism sustainability, and (iv) self-governing rules can help engage opposing stakeholders more democratically in sustainable destination management.