Automation, Trade Unions and Atypical Employment
研究了2006至2018年间13个欧盟国家中自动化技术（工业机器人、软件和数据库）对非自愿非典型就业的影响，发现机器人增加了非自愿非典型就业份额，而工会密度高能缓解这一影响。
ABSTRACT We study the effect of automation technologies—industrial robots, software and databases—on the incidence of involuntary atypical employment in 13 EU countries between 2006 and 2018. Robots do not affect the total employment rate but significantly increase the involuntary atypical employment share, mainly through fixed‐term work. Software and databases increase total employment and are neutral for atypical employment. Higher trade union density mitigates the robots' impact on atypical employment, while employment protection legislation plays no role. Using historical decompositions, we attribute 1–2 percentage points of a 15% average atypical employment share in our sample to automation.