Experimentally organized innovation systems: lessons from DARPA, Apple, Amazon, Google, and Operation Warp Speed
研究了DARPA、苹果、亚马逊和“曲速行动”等成功创新系统的实验性组织特征，发现其共同点是拥有支持多路径实验、承担失败成本、吸收新技术并快速商业化的基础设施。
Abstract This article examines the experimental organization in some of the world’s most successful innovation systems: DARPA (The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), Apple, Amazon, and Operation Warp Speed (OWS). All these ventures are essentially experimentally organized innovation systems. The most important common feature is their infrastructure for innovation that enables them to experiment and pursue multiple approaches simultaneously, bear the cost of many failures, absorb new technology, rapidly commercialize innovations through marketing and new business formation, and scale up economic activity.