Residential segregation by income: Spatial patterns and multilevel analysis of the six main Spanish metropolitan areas
研究了西班牙六大都市区2015和2021年高、低收入群体的空间隔离模式，发现低收入集群缩小、高收入集群扩大，隔离指数随时间上升，且隔离在不同城市由不同空间尺度主导。
This study examines income segregation in six Spanish metropolitan areas using Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA), global segregation indices and a multilevel modelling approach. By analysing spatial patterns of high- and low-income groups in 2015 and 2021, we identify distinct segregation trends across metropolitan areas. Although results are mixed, low-income clusters tend to shrink, while high-income clusters expand. Global indices reveal high concentration and centralisation, moderate evenness and low exposure and clustering, with centralisation varying the most across income groups. The dissimilarity indices indicate moderate- to high-income segregation, positioning Spain at an intermediate level in international comparisons, although with relatively low variability. However, the indices have increased over time in all metropolitan areas, signalling a rising trend in income segregation. Multilevel analysis reveals that income segregation operates at different spatial scales: in some cities, districts play a greater role, while in others, neighbourhoods exert a stronger influence. These findings suggest that policy responses should be tailored to the specific spatial structures of each metropolitan area.