Revisiting the Ancient Origins of Gender Inequality
重新检验了传统犁的使用对当代性别角色的长期影响，发现历史犁的采用与女性赋权之间的负相关关系稳健，且祖先犁的使用通过口头传统强化了性别偏见规范，但气候不稳定的社会这种文化传承较弱。
ABSTRACT This study re‐examines the long‐term effect of traditional plough use on contemporary gender roles, as originally advanced by Alesina, Giuliano and Nunn [ Quarterly Journal of Economics (2013) Vol. 128, pp. 469–530]. The findings demonstrate that the reduced‐form relationship between historical plough adoption and female empowerment is robust to implementing a falsification test, using alternative proxies for gender roles, and accounting for potential selection bias from unobservables and spatial dependence. Additional evidence indicates that ancestral plough adoption reinforced the persistence of gender‐biased norms, reflected in oral traditions, that continue to shape present‐day gender inequality. However, the intergenerational transmission of these norms is weaker in societies whose ancestors were exposed to unstable climatic environments between 500 and 1900 ce , suggesting that ancestral instability constrained the cultural persistence of plough‐induced gender roles.