The reorganization of the American innovation ecosystem and the challenge of translating science
研究了科学转化不足（而非科学本身放缓）对生产率增长减速的影响，发现大企业退出基础科学导致专利引用科学减少，而风投支持的初创企业仅在生命科学和ICT领域弥补了这一缺口。
Abstract In this paper, we focus on lack of translational research as a potential explanation for the recent slowdown in productivity growth, as opposed to a slowdown in science or the decline in the novelty of science. We provide evidence that the translation of science (as measured through citations by patents) has dropped for novel science. This drop is correlated with the withdrawal of large firms from science (especially the physical sciences), as measured through their publications. Fields where venture capital-backed startups have entered have experienced an increase in the translation of science, but their entry has largely occurred in the life sciences and Information and Communication Technology. Sectors such as chemicals and materials science have instead been neglected, both by large firms and startups. Our results point to the role of large firms and their labs in facilitating the translation and commercialization of science. A growing division of innovative labor may have delivered gains from specialization in the production and use of science in some sectors, but appears to have left a void in others.