The measurement trap: a meta-analytic review of measures in CEO narcissism research
对124项研究进行元分析，发现CEO自恋的测量方式（自评、第三方评价、非侵入式指标）显著影响其与组织及CEO相关变量的关系，解释了该领域结论不一致的原因。
Purpose This study examines the impact of CEO narcissism on organizational and CEO correlates, with a particular focus on methodological inconsistencies in its measurement. Design/methodology/approach We conduct a meta-analysis of 124 primary studies (119 published, 5 unpublished) spanning 2007–2025, employing psychometric meta-analysis techniques to assess bivariate relationships between CEO narcissism and key correlates. Findings Our results show that the relationship between CEO narcissism and organizational and CEO correlates strongly depend on how narcissism is measured. Self-report measures often show weak or even negative links to firm performance, while third-party ratings suggest small positive effects. Unobtrusive measures, such as the CEO Narcissism Index or signature size, produce mixed or inconsistent results and may reflect different correlates rather than narcissism. These differences suggest that measurement choice significantly influences effect sizes and may explain the inconsistent findings in the field. Originality/value This study advances the theoretical discussion on measurement validity by highlighting methodological inconsistencies and emphasizing the need for standardized, multi-method approaches to improve research reliability and comparability in organizational psychology.