Does one size fit all? Individual differences and reactions to feedback: a meta-analysis
这项元分析研究了十种个体差异（如反馈导向、自我效能、学习目标导向等）与人们对反馈的正负面反应之间的关系，发现反馈导向与正面反应关联最强，而自尊和自恋与负面反应有较小但显著的关联。
This meta-analysis provides evidence for the association between individual differences and reactions to feedback. We performed a random-effects analysis on 56 reports and 76 independent samples identified through a systematic search, investigating the relationship between ten individual differences and positive/negative reactions to feedback. Among the strongest associations, feedback orientation showed a significant medium effect size with positive feedback reactions (r = .293), while self-efficacy (r = .258), learning goal orientation (r = .247), and agreeableness (r = .228) had significant small to medium effect sizes. Self-esteem (r = -.136) and narcissism (r = .148) showed small but significant associations with negative feedback reactions. Moderator analyses revealed that sample mean age, sample type, and feedback source moderated the relationships between certain traits (e.g. self-efficacy, self-esteem, learning goal orientation) and feedback reactions. These findings emphasize the importance of tailoring feedback strategies to individual characteristics. Theoretical and practical implications of between-person differences in feedback processing are discussed.