Monotonicity among Judges: Evidence from Judicial Panels and Consequences for Judge IV Designs
研究了法官工具变量设计依赖的单调性假设在司法合议庭中的成立情况，发现高达50%的非一致裁决违反该假设，但传统检验无法检测，且对估计偏差影响较小。
Judge IV designs rely on monotonicity—each judge being weakly stricter than more lenient judges in all cases. I measure monotonicity in judicial panels in five different settings and find that it is violated in up to 50 percent of nonunanimous cases. The monotonicity violations are not detected by conventional tests, but they would typically induce little bias in judge IV estimates.