Moral Distress in Bioethics and Business Ethics: Knowledge, Action, and Desire in Moral Conditions and Communities
本文探讨了道德困境这一概念，它最初用于护理伦理学，描述有道德信念但缺乏行动能力的情况。作者认为道德困境对理解商业伦理问题很有用，并分析了医学和商业的道德共同体如何影响道德支持或困境，提出了涉及知识、行动与欲望关系的道德条件分类。
“Moral distress” was introduced in nursing ethics to describe the experience of having the moral conviction about the right thing to do while having limited agency to enact it. It exists at the intersection of moral philosophy, moral psychology, and moral communities that influence our desires to act. Although moral distress has significantly impacted bioethics scholarship, it has had almost no presence in business ethics scholarship. We argue that moral distress is useful for understanding important problems of business ethics. We claim it may be missing from business ethics discourse not because it is not present but rather because it is ever-present, an existential condition brought on by the tension between profit maximization and other moral purposes. We consider how the moral communities of medicine and business can be morally supportive or distressing and set forth a taxonomy of moral conditions involving the relationship between knowledge, action, and desire.