A comparative study on the effects of mind-wandering, distraction, and fatigue on driving performance and physiological responses
从唤醒-资源调节角度，比较了走神、分心和疲劳三种非最优驾驶状态对驾驶行为和生理反应的不同影响，发现每种状态有独特的生理和行为模式。
This study examined how three non-optimal driving states – mind-wandering, distraction, and fatigue – differentially affect driving behaviour and psychophysiological responses from an arousal–resource regulation perspective. Thirty-licenced drivers completed repeated simulated driving tasks, during which behavioural performance and physiological indicators were recorded. Distinct state-specific profiles emerged. Distraction was associated with elevated heart rate and pupil diameter, accompanied by frequent and unstable control adjustments, reflecting a high-arousal, high-load control mode. Fatigue was characterised by reduced heart rate and eyelid opening, prolonged response times, and diminished operational activity, indicating hypoarousal and inhibited control. Mind-wandering showed an intermediate pattern, with moderate physiological activation but unstable behavioural rhythms, suggesting reduced task engagement rather than extreme arousal modulation. These findings indicate that attentional disruptions impair driving stability through distinct arousal- and resource-related mechanisms. The integration of behavioural and physiological measures supports a multimodal approach to driver state assessment.