Polling Place Location and the Costs of Voting
利用宾夕法尼亚州和佐治亚州的数据，采用地理断点回归设计，研究发现投票站距离每增加1英里，现场投票概率下降1到3个百分点，且对距离最近的选民影响更大；选民会转向邮寄投票作为替代。
We study how distance to one’s polling place affects the likelihood of voting using a geographic regression discontinuity design with data from Pennsylvania and Georgia. A one-mile increase in distance to the polling place reduces the likelihood of voting in person by 1 to 3 percentage points. Effects are two to three times higher among those closest to the polling place. When available, voters substitute to mail-in voting as distance to the polling place increases. In counterfactual exercises, we identify turnout-maximizing polling places. Some precincts have large potential gains in turnout, even when choosing from existing buildings.