Gender Differences in Economics Seminars
通过分析数千场研讨会、求职演讲和会议报告的数据，发现女性演讲者比男性更频繁地被打断，且打断的负面语气和打断句子中段的情况更多，同时女性听众对女性演讲者参与度更高。
We assess whether men and women are treated differently when presenting their economics research. We collected data across thousands of seminars, job market talks, and conference presentations, leveraging human judgment and audio-processing algorithms to measure the number, tone, and type of interruptions. Within a seminar series, women are interrupted more than men. This holds when controlling for characteristics of the presenter, paper, and audience. Interruptions that are negative in tenor or tone or cut off the presenter mid-sentence increase for women presenters. We also find greater engagement of female audience members with female presenters, suggesting a potential role model effect.