Developing a holistic circular business model framework for the EV battery closed-loop supply chain: A data-driven approach
基于资源基础观和工业生态学，结合主题建模与文献综述，从1800多份行业新闻稿和学术数据中识别出九种循环商业模式，为电动汽车电池全生命周期价值创造、交付和捕获提供框架，助力从业者和政策制定者推动可持续循环目标。
The transition toward circularity in the electric vehicle batteries (EVBs) sector demands circular business models that address environmental, economic, and regulatory challenges. Grounded in the resource-based view (RBV) and industrial ecology (IE) perspectives, this study develops a data-driven framework to map circular business models (CBMs) across the EVBs' closed-loop supply chain (CLSC). The framework is developed by identifying CBMs from existing academic literature and analysing industry practices through press releases, resulting in a detailed map of value creation across the EVBs' lifecycle. A hybrid methodology combining topic modelling and literature synthesis was employed, using data from over 1800 industry press releases and academic databases. The findings reveal nine CBMs in literature and industry: battery leasing, charging as a service, remanufacturing, repurposing, recycling, repairing, refurbishing, EV sharing, and technology-led models, with notable applications across the EVBs’ CLSC. This study makes significant theoretical and practical contributions by integrating CBMs within an EVB CLSC framework, thus highlighting value creation, value delivery, and value capture mechanisms across phases from production to second-life applications. The findings offer strategic insights for industry practitioners and policymakers, supporting sustainable EVB lifecycles and advancing circularity objectives. This framework provides a roadmap for industry implementation and informs broader sustainable practices in resource-intensive sectors.