ADM's APPLE: The Accelerated Deaths Model with an Application to the Covid-19 Pandemic
提出加速死亡模型，基于死亡率异质性假设，分析新冠疫情中加速死亡者的寿命损失与幸存者调整后预期寿命，发现对年金和保险影响很小，但未来死亡率假设变化影响更大。
The Accelerated Deaths Model (ADM) builds on the hypothesis that, within a given age cohort, those who are less healthy are more likely to die if infected with Covid-19 than healthier people, leaving a pool of on-average healthier survivors. We use the term ‘detrimental selection’ which has two complementary aspects: the lower years of life lost by those who experienced an accelerated death; and the higher average life expectancy of survivors which we call their ‘adjusted post-pandemic life expectancy’ (ADM's APPLE). Our model represents a novel synthesis of recent advances in our understanding of mortality heterogeneity and the development of the Proportionality Hypothesis – both of which have improved our understanding of the Covid-19 pandemic. In particular, we identify an important positive relationship between mortality heterogeneity and accelerated deaths. We find, in the case of the Covid-19 pandemic in England, that the years of life lost by those who experienced an accelerated death, while significantly lower than pre-Covid life expectancy, was greater than reported in the media at the time. We also find that the increase in the mean life expectancy of survivors was very small. As a result, the impact on annuity providers (e.g., in terms of potentially higher annuity prices), pension schemes and life insurers was also very small. In contrast, we find that the impact on life expectancy of a general change in future mortality assumptions post-pandemic (i.e., the base mortality table and improvement rate) would be much greater. The ADM has potentially wide application, e.g., to other types of contagion and to climate-related deaths, where we would expect there to be a positive correlation between deaths and all-cause mortality (consistent with the Proportionality Hypothesis), but where the degree of detrimental selection might be different.