Cooperating Through Leaders
将群体间冲突建模为囚徒困境，研究群体领导者和共同领导者的承诺与惩罚如何促成合作，强调问责和时机是关键机制。
Abstract We model conflict as a prisoner’s dilemma between two groups represented by leaders: two group leaders who share group preferences and a common leader concerned with overall welfare. Leaders make recommendations and promises, and face penalties for unfulfilled commitments. A common leader who can be punished adequately and moves last induces cooperation. When the common leader does not move last, cooperation can still emerge with high probability provided the group leaders face large penalties for broken promises. The model highlights accountability and timing as key mechanisms sustaining cooperation between groups.