Don’t stand so close to me: foreign and domestic incumbents and new business births
研究波兰城市中外国与本土在位企业对新企业诞生的空间集聚效应，发现邻域外国在位企业比本地外国企业更能促进新企业诞生，而本土企业则相反。
Abstract We examine the spatial pattern of agglomeration effects on firm births, distinguishing between domestic and foreign ownership among incumbent firms. Using data from Polish municipalities, our analysis considers both domestic and foreign firm births, capturing neighbourhood effects with spatial lags. We argue that the spatial pattern of agglomeration effects results from a combination of competition for resources and positive externalities, where the latter are mostly associated with foreign incumbents. We find that foreign incumbents in the neighbourhood have a stronger positive association with firm births than those in the focal municipality; in contrast, the reverse pattern applies to domestic incumbents.