Turning waste into opportunity: collective effectuation and place-based circular innovation
通过比较印度尼西亚四个社区主导的案例，研究集体效果导向如何帮助社区在资源受限条件下将农业和塑料垃圾转化为机会，提出了集体效果导向的五种机制，对政策制定者和社区组织有实践指导。
How does collective effectuation enable communities to advance circular innovation in resource-constrained settings? We address this question through a comparative analysis of four community-led initiatives in Indonesia that transform agricultural and plastic waste into viable opportunities and livelihoods. Focusing on collective effectuation, we extend effectuation theory from individual entrepreneurs to community contexts. Our analysis explicates the mechanisms of collective effectuation by showing how the collective use of local assets towards shared goals, combined with the flexibility to adapt strategies in response to changing circumstances, is enabled through multi-stakeholder collaborations. We demonstrate how communities employ effectual strategies via a place-based approach to achieve small-scale circular innovation, highlighting how local dynamics, social ties, and governance arrangements shape entrepreneurial practice. We further extend understanding of nascent community-driven opportunities. Rather than emerging from identifiable market gaps, such opportunities are forged through the reclamation and revalorization of waste and underutilized resources. Hence, the study advances effectuation theory by introducing five mechanisms of collective effectuation that illuminate community-level entrepreneurship in emerging economies. The process model also provides practical guidance for policymakers, NGOs, and community organizations, emphasizing the importance of cultural legitimacy, coalition-building, and locally embedded governance over uniform approaches that overlook socio-cultural embeddedness.