Regional variations in informal employment in Türkiye: a multilevel analysis
研究了土耳其各次区域非正规就业风险的差异，发现区域差异解释了10.2%的风险变异，且女性（15.4%）高于男性（9.2%），性别差异在区域间呈现空间异质性。
This study examines the variation in informal employment risk across subregions in Türkiye and assesses the extent to which regional differences contribute to this risk. It further investigates how this regional variation differs by gender, thereby assessing whether women and men face different risks of informal employment across regions. The findings reveal substantial regional differences in the risk of informal employment; regional differences contribute 10.2% to the overall variation in informal employment risk, with 9.2% for males and 15.4% for females. Furthermore, gender-based disparities in the risk of informal employment varies between subregions, demonstrating considerable spatial heterogeneity.