The grievances of a failed reform: Chilean land reform and conflict with indigenous communities
研究了智利1962-1973年土地改革被逆转后，对1990-2021年间土著社区冲突的长期影响，发现被征用地块发生入侵和攻击的概率是其他地块的四倍以上。
Abstract Land reforms are among the most significant institutional changes in developing countries, yet they often fail due to interruptions or reversals. This paper examines the long-term effects of the Chilean land reform (1962-1973) on indigenous self-determination conflict. A major redistribution was fully reversed in the study area after the 1973 military coup. Using a novel plot-level database, we show that expropriated plots are over four times more likely to experience invasions and attacks between 1990 and 2021. Instrumental variable estimates, based on rainfall shocks affecting reform participation, confirm these findings. The failed reform produced grievances both within and beyond indigenous reservations, subsequently reactivated by the counter-reform’s production structure and by recent restitution policies.