A General Semantics Analysis of Selected Sections of the 10-K, the Annual Report to Shareholders, and the Financial Press Release.
用一般语义学模型分析10-K表格、新闻稿和年报在描述年终业绩时的语言一致性，发现年报语言与前两者显著不同，而新闻稿与10-K表格的语言更相似。
Abstract ABSTRACT: This study attempts to determine if the language of Form 10-K, the press release, and the annual report were consistent in reporting year-end results. A general semantics model was used to analyze linguistic qualities such as completeness, qualification, facts versus generalizations, appositives and references versus evaluations, signal, and propagandistic words. The Form 10-K and the press release sections were not significantly different when describing the same topics. The language of the annual report was significantly different from both Form 10-K and the press release. The results suggest that when describing the same topics, the language of the press release may be more similar to Form 10-K than may have been assumed by professional and governmental groups. Other reporting elements such as format requirements may play a greater role in influencing the perception of readability of disclosure documents than may have been commonly assumed. The press release may be more useful in providing 10-K topics which not only are more timely but also are consistent with the 10-K in the qualities of language employed.