Multispeed Europe: human development index convergence clubs across subnational regions
研究了1995至2022年欧盟244个NUTS-2区域的人类发展指数趋同情况，发现四个趋同俱乐部呈现多速欧洲格局，2008年危机后分化加剧，并分析了人力资本、经济资源和一体化对俱乐部归属的影响。
Reducing regional disparities is central to the European Union’s Cohesion Policy and its goal of economic, social and territorial cohesion. As part of the beyond-GDP (gross domestic product) movement, this study examines human development index convergence across 244 NUTS-2 regions from 1995 to 2022 using the Phillips and Sul methodology. Four convergence clubs with distinct spatial patterns reveal a multispeed Europe, with divergence intensifying after the 2008 crisis and despite the cohesion narrative of the Lisbon Treaty. An ordered logit model identifies the roles of human capital, economic resources and integration in shaping club membership. The paper further provides insights for place-sensitive strategies.